How technology changes society

Abstract Road traffic accidents elicit increasing public concerns considering the overwhelming environmental, economic and social impacts. The brutality of these random incidents is specifically disturbing in developing countries. In these countries, the condition is rapidly worsening.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How technology changes society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Incident Management Systems (IMSs) are suggested as a strong tool that will facilitate the management and harmonization of salvaging processes when traffic accidents occur. Unfortunately, for the emerging economies, majority of the commercially available IMS solutions are developed for huge metropolitan capitals. Further, they are designed for industrialized countries. This study investigates the subject of suitability and tailoring of IMS solutions in the context of emerging economies and specifically the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In this country, families are independent. Thus, the death of a parent makes the family members to suffer. This is in consideration that the government has not legislated welfare policies and few families can afford premium insurance policies. Technology has been viewed as a source of negative impact on societies. However, technology is critical in mitigating the impacts of the same on the environment, economic and social circles. The study will explore the role of IMS in diminishing road carnage in the UAE. Introduction Traffic accidents create economic, social and environmental effects on any community. Data provided by the World Health Organization show that road accident injuries are a major cause of fatality. The accidents kill more than 1.3 million persons per year. It is estimated that 90 percent of these fatalities take place in the developing countries. In fact, more than ten million persons are left in chronic disability. The increase in development in these countries means that the numbers will rise. By the year 2025, road carnage will be the eighth top reason for death. This prediction will be true unless imperative actions are taken not only by governments, but also by the public. It is approximated that traffic accidents cost developing and emerging countries more than 100 billion US dollars annually. This is almost double the amount of aid and lending extended to these countries by international community annually. In the industrialized countries, the number of road incidents is continuously being brought down while it is on the increase in developing economies.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Main Body The victims and death rates caused by road accidents in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the surrounding states is indicated to be higher than incidents in emerging and industrialized countries. For example, road carnage percentage in the UAE is estimated to be six times higher than incidents that occur in the United States of America and Europe. Modernly, road carnage is the second leading source of demise after cardiac disease in the UAE. Recent data released by the UAE Ministry of Internal Security indicate that 243,385 road incidents occurred in UAE streets in 2006. This was an increase of 61 percent compared to 2005. In the year 2007, 1055 traffic-associated fatalities were recorded. This was an increase of 16.79 percent compared to the year 2006 (Ali 17). In every two hours, one individual is wounded in the UAE streets. One death is registered every fifteen hours. The rise in the number of traffic incidents is creating an increasing public disquiet as a serious source of social, economic and environmental destabilizer in the UAE and other Gulf countries. In order to manage the situation, diverse actions have been taken to address the public concern. The measures include electronic and print media consciousn ess crusades. This is aimed at influencing drivers to espouse acceptable road behavior. The government has made considerable steps towards the legislation of strict laws and penalties aimed at cracking down on speeding drivers. The violation of traffic lights has also been addressed in the legislation. The authorities have invested heavily in research that enables deploying new fast transportation structures. The UAE traffic police and vehicle inspection unit conduct frequent inspection routines to ground un-road worthy vehicles. Drunk driving is not tolerated in the country considering that it is an Islamic state, which hardly condones alcohol consumption. These measures have been effective to a restricted extent. This realization has made the government to explore further into technology as a measure to curb road carnage. The government has invested in police department in effort to experiment with incident management systems. This is aimed at finding a lasting answer in streamlin ing and optimizing crisis reaction at the authority and control rooms.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How technology changes society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Drawing on the previous research linked to Information Communication Technology transfer to emerging countries, this study explores the impact of the implementation of IMS solution within the UAE context. Technology as a tool will help the country in mitigating drastic effects of road carnage on social setup, economic growth and the environment. Vehicles are as a result of technology generates advantages and disadvantages. Although the advantages overshadow the disadvantages, the disadvantages are felt by those who are affected through road accidents or via the pollution of environment. When road carnage occurs, the dependents of the breadwinners suffer in many aspects. This may include shortage of the basic human needs provisions. The structure o f the family is also impacted upon the demise of the member (Volti 178). The implementation of IMS in UAE will help the country to develop socially and economically. The economy will flourish and the society will live harmoniously. The implementation of ICT in the incident management systems found within the UAE road system as a response to road accident is appropriate considering the impact such accidents cause on social, environment and economic structures of the country. The implementation of other measures has had an impact on road accidents rates. However, when the accidents occur, it takes time to respond. There is a wide variety of IMS software solutions provided by different developers in the current market. Due to the diversity of road infrastructure in different global locations, there is no universal software solution. None of the available IMS package has the capacity to deal with all issues, technology or procedures. Apparently, in the public domain the emergency manage ment is not a field that has precise rules that simplify the modeling of the field. In fact, emergency management has hardly been reflecting on the wide array of possibilities and real life actuality. IMS is considerably an elaborate process. It involves a number of command and control functions. These include management of people, incidents, resource, notification, document, report and security. Consequently, the appropriate IMS depends on a variety of factors such as the home context, distinctive requirement of the safety agency, financial resources available and the traffic volume.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research reveals that a majority of the commercially available Incident Management Systems solutions are created for huge metropolitan towns in view of industrialized countries. An IMS solution designed for a huge and prosperous emir like Abu Dhabi may not be suitable for lesser-developed emir such as Fujairah. The tailoring of an IMS solution package is important and is closely linked to the appropriateness of the package. The developers of IMS solutions claim that the packages are designed in such a way that they are flexible enough to be implemented in other contexts. This includes metropolitans in emerging economies. The argument by these developers is substantiated by the reality that the comparison of occurrence control globally surpasses the typical diversities. Communities, irrespective of the global location are impacted by the measures taken by the relevant authorities when the measures taken do not meet the projected expectations. In the UAE, the tailoring of IMS would me an that different solution packages have to be developed to meet the requirements of different localities. In this case, the existing infrastructure requires the designing of an IMS package that meets the needs of each locality. The response by the local police departments means that the infrastructure will be designed in such a way that it will allow the authorities to easily access incident scenes and information. Contemporarily, when traffic accident happens, one has to call 999 to alert the authorities. The personnel on the receiving end pick the call. Manually, the details are written in an incident occurrence book. In many incidents, the receiver of the call takes the role of the dispatcher. In few cases, the documentation of the accident is manually relayed to a designated dispatcher. In both situations, the occurrence is relayed through analogue device to the incident team. The team that is nearest to the accident scene is anticipated to respond. When there is no team nearby , the dispatcher calls the police station nearest to the accident scene and gives the details again. At the station, the call-receiving officer records the details. The patrol team dispatched to the accident scene reports about the completion of the mission. The process suffers diverse hindrances. The process is long and cumbersome. That is, the process lacks rapid response. This results in deaths given that the victims may have been severely injured. Inherently, accident victims who are not attended to promptly bleed to death. This may be mitigated if the response is rapid. The implementation of IMS solution will ensure that there is seamless collaborative communication between the concerned authorities. In this case, the IMS suggested here will enable the concerned parties to respond quickly, gather and store relevant information while ensuring that lives are saved where possible. The solution will reduce the budget of the country as patrol teams will not need to be on the move to look for incidents physically (Volti 201). The computerized cameras that will be installed on the roads will capture images on the roads. In the control room, the dispatcher will only have the task of overseeing that rescue missions are well attended to incase of incidents. The accident response vehicles will be fixed with systems that will enable the collection of data. The data will be transmitted to the command and control room in real-time. The suggested computer-based system is created to implement real-time information collection. It will also enable shared communication platform between the following stakeholders: caller from the accident scene and the personnel at the control room, the personnel and the person in charge of dispatch, the dispatcher and the patrol team. The stakeholders require being aware of the system to facilitate the collection of all the relevant information. This is why it was necessary for the developer to critically study the infrastructure of UAE and the level of success of the existing measures. The IT knowledge of the end user was not a major factor since the personnel will be trained how to handle the system for optimum benefit of the response processes. The major concern was focused on the development of a system that addresses the UAE context where the system will be implemented. Apparently, the solution will act as a supplement to the measures that have been established. This means that the job security in the current system will not be affected. In fact, the system will generate more job opportunities as it will require a workforce to handle. Additionally, I will present an opportunity for the personnel to undergo career training on handling the system effectively. It has been suggested that the developer will offer free training for the first group of trainees. The police department will thereafter develop a mechanism for training the staff. This will open opportunities for people to train in operating similar systems n ot only in the police department but also other industries in the country. It will be an opportunity for the country to establish institutions that will offer courses in handling IMS systems. This will enhance the education of the population towards knowledge-based workforce and population. The system forms a basis for researchers to develop advanced systems that will enable rapid response to road traffic accidents. When the research is based on the proposed system, it might even be possible to develop other systems that will actually mitigate accidents from occurring. The data collected by the response team regarding the conditions of the victims will be transmitted to the nearby hospitals. The staff at the hospital will assess the information and prepare adequately to receive the victims. Ambulances will also be fitted with the system. Once the accident occurs, the personnel at the control room will initiate the program. All the parties will be automatically alerted. Since the sys tem will be satellite-based, real-time images of the accident scene will be transmitted to hospitals, ambulances, control room and police patrol vehicles. This will enable every party to prepare adequately to respond to the emergency. The data gathered upon the years using the system will enable the government to put in place policies that will help improve on the proposed system. Initially, the UAE government will require allocating sufficient resources to the project. All the parties will require training on how to use the technology effectively. It is imperative to acknowledge that the higher percentage of the UAE community is computer literate considering the high infiltration rate of technology in all global locations. The investment required for the implementation of the project is less than the costs incurred by the country in dealing with accidents that are not promptly responded to annually. Further, the installed systems will require minimal maintenance services. The syste ms will take into consideration environmental requirements to ensure sustainability. Considering that the system will be satellite-based, it will have minimal impact on the environment. The information collected will be stored in a centralized database. The need for manual documentation will be met. There will be no need for papers. In view of the multiplicity of the traffic accidents that occur in the country, the environment will be saved a great deal as trees will not be felled at the current rate. The system will ensure that there is rapid response to the traffic accidents. Road accident victims will be attended to given that information will be transmitted to all the parties in real-time. This will help in saving lives. Apparently, a majority of people involved in road carnage are adults who have social responsibilities of providing for their families. The demise of a person affects the structure of the community irrespective of the position they hold in the society. Economical ly, the country loose manpower when road or traffic accidents occur. Consequently, the country suffers a blow when the number of deaths through road accidents increases. The implementation of the proposed IMS solution will ensure that death rates are minimized. The costs associated with burial arrangements will be significantly reduced. Survivors of road traffic accidents will be a living example for others who may be tempted to violate traffic laws. This will influence drivers to be more careful when driving. Introducing change in the current accident response system in the UAE should not be interpreted to mean that the system is completely incompetent. On the other hand, by investigating the appropriateness of the proposed system, it does not deduce unwillingness to bring revolution to the existing organizational practices. The over-concentration on user-centric approach may lead to the creation of an incident management system that is entirely lined up to the existing practices. This is despite of the existing practices having extreme deficiencies. This is the reason why the proposed solution has taken into consideration the application of a suitable system that is high in technology but fits the needs of the end user. However, that does not mean that the solution will be diluted to fit the skills and knowledge the user since the users will only need to respond to the information gathered through the system. The users will undergo some training to ensure they are able to use the information productively. The operators of the system will require extensive training. This is necessary considering the complexity of the system. This will include the personnel at the control and command room since they will require to capture crucial details regarding the incident. There will be no virtue in customizing the system to ensure that users who are not IT-skilled in emerging economies are comfortable. Such a move will result in putting in place a system that will not d eliver the desired results of increasing the rate of responsiveness. There is need for the traffic police department and the government to initiate training programs to assist less-skilled personnel to adjust their psychological forms to become more at ease with novel interfaces. The IMS proposed here will impact the personnel handling the equipment at the control room as they will have to be trained. This will help bridge the gap between the current psychological forms and the prospected degree of information technology proficiency. The proposed IMS solution package will require the stakeholders to initiate organizational change. However, this must be assessed prior to implementation to ensure that they are not far-reaching on the individuals affected. Failure to perform extensive assessment will result in heightening the risk of execution failure. For the system to attain appropriateness, impacting and aligning strategies have been put into consideration. The system will introduce novel aspects and viewpoints that are not addressed in current practices. Majority of the IMS transferred to emerging economies have been unsuccessful due to the huge gap between ‘existing organizational veracity’ and ‘Information system design formation’. The suggested system is founded on user-centered techniques. The techniques were borrowed from the ISO standards 13407 that give recognition to the structure for the inclusion of human-focused activities in the development of software (Volti 205). The system will help in the creation of mutual relationships among the handlers. This will improve social ties among the stakeholders, as they will interact from time to time in effort to improve response to accidents. The system also includes SMS text messaging. The person at the accident scene will be able to contact the control room. The text messaging will be toll-free. It has been observed to be an appropriate method due to portability and high reliability as an exchange method. The IMS proposed here will not significantly change how roles are executed. For example, currently, dispatching officers depend on direct communication with the patrol team. They have established somewhat special relationships since they pass crisis rescue missions to the patrol teams on daily basis. The implementation of the IMS proposed here would affect personal relationship to some extent. Computers will be in charge of directing the rescue mission to the nearest perambulation vehicle. The control room will receive real time satellite images. The images will then be transmitted to other stations and hospitals so that the casualty room staff can prepare to receive the victims. Those involved in the rescue mission will still have the opportunity to interact. In fact, by implementing the system, more individuals will be involved providing the opportunity to meet new people. New contacts can be reached after successful rescue mission to discuss how to improve the response. The system requires response teams to improve how they interact. The coordination system must also be improved to ensure the success of the system. Conclusion Various information systems are always elaborate irrespective of where they will be implemented. They are often designed to meet the requirements of the stakeholders in regard to how they will be utilized. Designers in developed economies develop a majority of the available systems. They are hence customized for the user in the developed countries. The availability of these packages or lack thereof has far-reaching impacts on the society, the economy and the environment. In the UAE, road traffic incidents continue to elicit diverse reactions from the public but with similar results. The societal structure is affected by the maiming and demise of society members. The implementation of Incident Management Systems in the context of the country will significantly impact on the economy of the country as road carnage will be managed effectively. It is imperative to note that the proposed system is not targeted at reducing the number of road accidents. The system will enable the concerned parties to respond rapidly to road accidents in order to mitigate loss of lives. Works Cited Ali, Gordon. â€Å"Traffic Accidents and Road Safety Management: A Comparative Analysis and Evaluation in Industrial, Developing and Rich-Developing Countries†. 29th Annual Southern African Transport Conference, South Africa, August 2010. Print. Volti, Rudi. Society and Technological Change, London, UK: Worth Publishers, 2013. Print. This report on How technology changes society was written and submitted by user Giant Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Follow several easy steps and create an unforgettable term paper!

Follow several easy steps and create an unforgettable term paper! Follow several easy steps and create an unforgettable term paper! Writing a term paper, for some students, is an arduous task. Even though writing a term paper is a big project, there are several steps that will help make the process go smoother such as first choosing a topic.   Inform or persuade? The next step is to decide if you want to inform or persuade your readers. Next, do some research on topics you find interesting. If something interests you in your life, write it down.   Evaluate your options Most importantly, evaluate your options. If your goal is to educate, choose a subject that you have already studied. If your goal is to persuade, choose a subject that you are passionate about. Whatever the focus is of the paper, make sure that you are interested in your topic. Prepare an outline and write your Thesis statement Next, prepare an outline for your term paper. For your term paper to be excellent, your thoughts need to be orderly and organized. If you choose to write an outline, write your topic at the top of the page. List your main ideas. Under each idea, list other smaller ideas that relate to your main idea. This will help you as you work on your paper because you will see connections that will tie in with the paper. Once your outline is in order, write your thesis statement. Your thesis statement is the main point of your paper. Keep in mind; your thesis statement will have two parts. The first part will state the topic and the second part will state the point/reason of the essay. Body of the essay and your Introduction The next part is to write the body of the essay. The body of your essay should explain, argue or describe your topic. Then, once you have developed your thesis and the body of your essay, it is time to write an introduction. The introduction should grab the reader’s attention and describe the main focus of your essay. Your Conclusion and Summarizing your Ideas Writing the conclusion is the next step in this process. The conclusion should bring closure to the paper and sum up your ideas, as well as providing a final look on your topic. Your conclusion should be no more than five sentences. Then, go back and check your work, such as checking the order of your paragraphs, that your paragraphs make sense, review the instructions for your paper and then review what you have written. Read your paper out loud and see if it makes sense. Be sure to check your essay for grammar and spelling mistakes. Take time for at least two rewrites, making sure everything is in order. Term paper writing service like those available here at Master Essay can be quite helpful with this and will work with you to review and rewrite your essay. To conclude, writing an excellent term paper can be done; however, it requires a plan, hard work and a desire to create a great looking paper! Check out services for help with your term paper!

Business Strategy in a Global Environment Essay

Business Strategy in a Global Environment - Essay Example The purpose of developing these strategic options is to identify feasible options available to the organisation for future. Since all identified alternative cannot be implemented, this does not mean that only implemented alternative are best; instead it is matter of adopting alternative that is most feasible to implement. SO STRATEGIES WO STRATEGIES 1- (S2, S3, 02)- Expand in untapped areas and leveraging the human expertise and other expertise to perform developed from global existence. 2- (S1,O1, O2)- Strengthen and emphasis market position with improved customer services and marketing. 3- (S4, 03)- Increase delivery efficiency 1- (W2, O1)- Develop alliance with other service provider to reduce cost of physical transfer. 2- (W3, O3)- Install software that reduces communication gap. 3- (W1, O1, O2)- Reduce cost impact by expanding destinations gaining advantage of economies of scale. ST STRATEGIES WT STRATEGIES 1- (S1, T1) – Strengthen company position and develop barrier for new entrants. 2- (S2, S4 and T2)- Increase efficiency in operation to reduce cost 3- (S3, O3)- Increase sales in different countries to off-set the disadvantage of climatic change in certain destinations 1- (W1, T3)- Install services that ensure delivery in climatic hit regions. 2- (W3, T1) – Enhance the integration in services to increases efficiency; making it costly for new competitor to compete. 2. STRATEGIC OPTIONS TO DEVELOP COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Strategies developed in TWOS matrix especially ST, WT, WO are generally pursuit to get in situation to implement SO strategies; though not always the case (Barney & Hesterly, 2008). Although all strategies are developed in similar direction to enhance TNT Express position and efficiency; however, following five have been selected as five most feasible strategies: Strategy 1- As already expanded in large number of countries; TNT Express is well aware of the factors that must be adhered to before launching the services. Prior to launch homework capability of the TNT Express would enable it to predict the possible obstacles and hence, ensure the successful establishment. Moreover, it would also increase sales in hometown for the fact of diverse population landing in UK as immigrants. However, selection of newer destination is a crucial question to address apart from general market analysis perspective. It is important to several factors such as distance from already existent location; identifying economies of scale benefit etc. Strategy 2-Importance of strengthening company position among customers needs no advocacy. An important role this strategy would play is to increase awareness about the wide network of services of TNT Express among the existing and potential customers. It would also serve as muscle pulling to potential competitors planning to land in with delivery services. Strategy 3- Many international brands are available worldwide; hence; despite incurring physical transfer firm shall develop all iance with different organisations and brands in order to facilitate the worldwide delivery operations without physical transfer. Moreover, for the documentations’ transfer firm can develop alliance with embassies to endorse documents based on certain service numbers from TNT Service. This will increase efficiency contributing to objective of reducing carbon emission. Strategy 4- Mechanism developed in strategy 3 would also lend support for this strategy; hence, the transfer (of

Image Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Image Analysis - Essay Example To start with, the given image has the traits of an icon determined as â€Å"an image (or person) that refers to something beyond its individual components, something (or someone) that acquired symbolic significance† (Sturken and Cartwright, 2009, p. 444). In this context, the photograph of small Crimean boy can be considered as a symbol of innocence in front of Russian invasion. And so, it is reasonable to state that the photographer tended to bring sympathy in the heart of watchers as the child represents the lack of defense in front of military forces. Therefore, the symbolic notion provided by this image is evident as it has both denotative and connotative aspects in its content. Furthermore, the ideological aspect can be found in this image. Actually, the Western attitude to the current events in Ukraine in general and in Crimea in particular shows the total disapproval as the sanctions were implemented for Russian elite. For instance, BBC defined this operation as a â€Å"Crimean crisis† due to the â€Å"Russia’s move into Crimea† (Crimea Crisis, 2014). In such circumstances, presented image has an ideological message. While Ukraine is presented as a victim in Western media, the child from Ukraine symbolizes the whole country that is standing innocent in front of foreign troops. And so, the whole image has a powerful ideological message that supports the level of communication being held in public. Finally, the issue of objectivity is crucial for this image. In fact, each photograph can be considered as a sort of manipulation with public. As Victor Burgin (1999) mentions, â€Å"two images side by side tend to generate meanings not produced by either image on its own† (p. 44). In addition, the military jacket that is worn by this boy can be interpreted as a necessity to start a fighting in order to protect the homeland even though it is hard to resist adults. And so, in a current image due to the fact that it

Mild hypoxemia with a fully compensated respiratory acidosis

Mild hypoxemia with a fully compensated respiratory acidosis 92% 100%The following 5 ABG analyses were formulated using Pierces (2007) systematic analyses (p.55 60). Normal values according to Pierce are listed as follows: The systematic analysis is done by first looking at each number individually and labeling it. Second describing the adequacy of oxygenation by assessing PaO2 and SaO2. Pierce (2007) lists hypoxemia as mild ( ABG #1 FiO2 0.21 pH 7.40 Normal PaCO2 50 Acidemia PaO2 71 Hypoxemia HCO3 30.9 Alkalemia BE 5.0 Alkalemia SaO2 95.1 Normal Hb 12.9 Mr. Puffins PaO2 of 71 shows mild hypoxemia, with a SaO2 within normal limits. His pH of 7.40 is neutral and shows that his acid base status is within normal limits; however his PaCO2 of 50 demonstrates that he is acidotic and his elevated HCO3 indicates compensation is occurring. These results suggest Mr. Puffin has a mild hypoxemia with a fully compensated respiratory acidosis. His normal pH indicates full compensation is occurring, ABG#2 FiO2 0.50 pH 7.14 Acidemia PaCO2 127 Acidemia PaO2 44.2 Hypoxemia HCO3 41.6 Alkalemia BE 7.1 Alkalemia SaO2 69.2 Hypoxemia Hb 14.1 Mr. Puffins PaO2 and SaO2 show he has a severe hypoxemia. His pH of 7.14 is indicative that he is acidotic. His PaCO2 is elevated which shows the acidemia is respiratory in origin. The elevated HCO3 of 41.6 shows that metabolic compensation is occurring, therefore these results indicate Mr. Puffin has severe hypoxemia with a partially compensated respiratory acidosis. ABG #3 FiO2 0.40 pH 7.22 Acidemia PaCO2 99.6 Acidemia PaO2 45.3 Hypoxemia HCO3 39.9 Alkalemia BE 8.3 Alkalemia SaO2 Hb ABG #3 shows Mr. Puffins respiratory acidosis has improved due to BiPAP therapy. There is a slight increase in his PaO2 although it still shows severe hypoxemia. His pH has improved but still shows acidemia. PaCO2 has decreased due to BiPAP therapy but remains elevated and indicates respiratory remains his primary cause of acidosis. Mr. Puffins HCO3 is also still elevated indicative of partial compensation occurring. ABG #3 shows Mr. Puffin still remains severely hypoxic, with a partially compensated respiratory acidosis. ABG #4 FiO2 0.40 pH 7.32 Acidemia PaCO2 71.9 Acidemia PaO2 55.6 Hypoxemia HCO3 36.1 Alkalemia BE 8.0 Alkalemia SaO2 Hb ABG #4 shows further improvement in Mr. Puffins severe hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. His PaO2 has increased further but still shows a severe hypoxemia. His pH although increased still suggests mild acidosis, as well as his PaCO2 of 71.9, although it has decreased, still indicates a respiratory origin. HCO3 remains elevated showing compensation is occurring; therefore Mr. Puffin still has severe hypoxemia with a partially compensated respiratory acidosis. ABG #5 FiO2 0.28 pH 7.00 Acidemia PaCO2 59.1 Acidemia PaO2 62.4 Hypoxemia HCO3 18 Acidemia BE -7.8 Acidemia SaO2 92% Hb 14.2 Mr. Puffins 5th ABG PaO2, indicates moderate hypoxemia. His pH is low and shows he is acidotic. An elevated PaCO2 suggests acidemia respiratory in nature. HCO3 is also low which also shows acidemia metabolic in nature. Mr. Puffin in ABG #5 has a moderate hypoxemia with a mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis confirmed by the decreased BE. Question Two: What type of respiratory failure does Mr. Puffin have? Provide a rationale for your answer based on the clinical information supplied. Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 Respiratory failure. Respiratory failure as described by Pierce (2007) is the absence of the normal homeostatic state of ventilation as it relates to acid base status of the blood and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (p.181). Type 1 respiratory failure, Pierce (2007), describes as a failure to oxygenate or hypoxemic respiratory failure, categorized by a PaO2 of less than 60mm Hg on an FiO2 of more than 0.5, and Type 2 respiratory failure as failure to ventilate, also called ventilatory failure, hypercapnic respiratory failure, or respiratory pump failure, as a PaCO2 of greater than 50mm Hg, with a pH of 7.25 or less (p.181-182). In contrast to Pierces definition Hennessey Japp (2007) define respiratory failure as respiratory impairment. Hennessy Japp define type 1 respiratory impairment as low PaO2 with normal or low PaCO2 which implies defective oxygenation despite adequate ventilation and the PaCO2 is low due to compensatory hyperventilation (p.20). Hennessey Japp (2007), define type 2 respiratory impairment as a high PaCO2 (hypercapnia), and is due to inadequate alveolar ventilation, and since oxygenation also depends on ventilation, the PaO2 is usually low, but may be normal if the patient is on supplemental oxygen (p.22). Type 1 respiratory failure is most commonly caused by VQ mismatch, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, shunt and acute respiratory distress syndrome and initial treatment is aimed at achieving an adequate PaO2 and SaO2 with supplemental O2 while attempting to correct the underlying cause, Hennessey Japp (2007) p. 20. Type 2 respiratory failure is commonly caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exhaustion, flail chest injury, opiate/benzodiazepine toxicity, neuromuscular disorders and obstructive sleep apnea, with clinical signs that include confusion, drowsiness. Based on the case study information it is evident Mr. Puffin has Type 2 respiratory failure. The diagnosis of type 2 respiratory failure could be made through the interpretation of ABG #2 as he has a decreased pH and elevated PaCO2 with hypoxemia. His presentation of his difficulty breathing, productive green cough, drowsiness and confusion are consistent with the presentation of an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to his previous diagnosis made by his doctor of emphysema. Question Three: What is BiPAP? BiPAP (Bi Level Positive Airway Pressure) is a form of non invasive mechanical ventilation commonly administered to patients with exacerbations of type 2 respiratory failure, that delivers two airway pressures through inspiration, (IPAP), and expiration, (EPAP) measured in cm H20. IPAP is the abbreviation for Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure and EPAP is the abbreviation for Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure. BiPAP is delivered to the patient through an appropriate bilevel ventilator eg Vision BiPAP, or Respironics BiPAP, through a nasal mask, full face mask, or total face mask. Describe the effects of BiPAP. In your answer consider its effects on airway pressures, the alveoli, the lung, and the cardiovascular and neurological systems. When BiPAP is administered to a patient with type 2 respiratory failure, during inspiration (IPAP) a higher level of positive airway pressure is delivered, increasing breath size, which helps to clear out carbon dioxide and assumes a fatigued patients work of breathing, and during expiration (EPAP) prevents atelectasis, recruits collapsed alveoli and enables gas exchange between breaths (Woodrow 2003). The difference between IPAP and EPAP is termed pressure support so for example if Mr. Puffin was commenced on 12 cm H20 IPAP and 6 cm H20 EPAP he would have 6 cm H20 being the being the difference between 12 and 6 of pressure support. Pressure support decreases the work of breathing by initiating breathing and increasing tidal volume. Question Four: Outline the clinical indications for the use of BiPAP in Mr Puffins case. Discuss the monitoring that would be required for the safe application of BiPAP. List the possible complications of BiPAP that may occur in Mr Puffins case.

Narrative Sample

Narrative The annual Acquaintance Party of the students of Bachelor in Elementary Education was held last July 19, 2013 at the Villa Amanda Resort, Abbacy, Bataan. The activities began with the registration of the participants at their arrival on the venue. Stubs, indicated as entrance and photo booth stubs, were given to students before July 19 and were to be meant as the gate pass for them to enter the venue. It was facilitated by Board Members Petite Arena and Mark Anthony Arrange.After the registration, the students were guided by the rest of the Institute Officers to heir areas on the resort. Led by the Institute Governor John Michael David, together with Board Member Carla Punctual, the designated area for each section was arranged for the students' convenience. While the students awaited for the arrival of the schools respected authorities for the message, the emcees, then, were John Michael D. Asia (former USC President) and Roomer G. Salon ( the present USC President) encour aged the students to present any number from their section.This was the done simultaneously with the roll call by the section. Unlike the past acquaintance back then, the most prestigious, most glamorous, and sot awaited event in the party, the b. Duskiest was held, for the first time in the A. M. Part after the class presentations. This time, there were 12 candidates, one representative for each section. The candidates battled for the crown on the three major categories: Best in Casual Wear, Best in Talent and the Q and A. Also present on the event was the reigning b.Duskiest of 2012, Ms. Iatric G. Rexes. Finally, after the scores were tallied officially, Ms. Sydney G. Rexes of Bed IV-A was crowned the new b. Duskiest for 2013. After the coronation, the Institute Coordinator, Mr.. Pablo V. Sauna, Jar. Allied on for the mayors of every section as. He gave them questions which were to be answered. If the mayors failed to answer, all his classmates will plunge to the pool. This marked the declaration for the pool opening. Lunch time, DRP. Teresa E.Roberto, Associate Director for Students Affairs, DRP. Holland B. Symbol, Dean of Instruction and DRP. Fleischman E. Tuning , Associate Director for Research and Extension, came and Joined us. Each of them delivered a the newly elected COOS Officers of Education and Mayors of every section. After the induction and lunch exact 1 PM another event was opened, the first Dance Battle event happened on the history of educations acquaintance party. Three groups vied for a cash prize and trophy.The first group was IA, C, AAA and AAA presented their dance number with a medley of modern and classical music. The second group was IA, B, C and B however lost unity and performed on the stage per section. This secured their place as the last. B, AAA, B and C the third and last group became as the center of attraction when they performed the song â€Å"Pilling Mo Nag Philippians. † They used colorful costumes and made a formati on surrounding the LOL on its four sides. It was a spectacular presentation.In the end, they won the trophy. The last part of the program was the games. It was led by the Vice-Governor Carlo Humane and SC President Roomer S. Annals as he attends the acquaintance party of his course and assisted them by the rest of the officers. The students enjoyed the games and had a good time playing until they found themselves enjoying the pool. Others were busy to get their chance avail the free photo booth using their passes stub. And as the last part of the program, prizes were given to the cleanest cottage.

Instructional Design Essay

Task analysis is often considered the most critical component of instructional design. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not? Task analysis is a critical component in the instructional design process because it provides important information about the content and/or tasks that will form the basis for the instruction being developed. Careful consideration must be taken to ensure that there is a clear understanding of what learners are to know or are able to accomplish by participating in instruction. Coming to this understanding requires the identification of the type of content that will make up the instruction and in what sequence this content should be provided (Brown & Green, 2005). I must agree that a task analysis is very critical in the instructional design process. It serves as a guide for teachers and learner of which to lead each to the end product-successful implementation and application. Support your response with examples. The mathematics teacher knows that she needs to conduct a task analysis to determine the steps her students need to take in order to master the skills taught. With following the procedural analysis approach, she analyzed the task of adding and subtracting fractions with unlike denominators by identifying the various steps required to successfully complete the task. In conducting the procedural analysis, the teacher went through the each step sequentially. Once they had the steps listed, the student performed the task through practice and eventually became more comfortable with the skill. The process helped the teacher identify if there were any missing steps. The result of the procedural analysis was a flowchart that identified the different sub steps that needed to take place in order for the students master the skill when different scenarios occur, such as regrouping when subtracting fractions. The flowchart was compared to the implementation of the skill the previous year. The teacher determined that the previous implementation left out important steps and that new implementation proved that needed to be developed.